Requirements for a Moving Image Production
Type of production
The type of media product I produced was a short film for the yearly short
film internet competition, DEPICT where a short film is made with the duration of the short film being at 90 seconds max in order to be classed as a suitable entry for the competition, the short film was also uploaded to YouTube as another way to view it to the public.The different types of moving image media are feature films, live-action, animated,
narrative, media consisting of a re-enactment of someone's life and
documentary, media consisting of information of a person or thing, adverts for products etc, trailers for upcoming media for film, TV, games etc, a news broadcast, TV programmes, music videos, political broadcasts, online videos from media platforms like YouTube or Vimeo, cinemas, film festivals, DVDs (or Blu-rays) and streaming services like Netflix or Amazon Prime being main examples of these services, being a range of examples for moving image media. The difference between film and TV is that it's released within a certain period in order to be shown in cinemas across the country/world and to then wait 3 months after released to cinemas where it then goes to digital or physical markets to be sold and watched at home while with Netflix or Prime video they are released and stays on the service (this only applies to Netflix made productions as programming or films made by other companies are usually present on the service on a limited time period before being taken off). They also have original programming and is a subscription based service on Netflix and Prime on which any other services like for example Google Play or Sky Store where they don't have and only sell mainstream programmes or films and don't have subscriptions available. |
| examples of Netflix produced films |
Funding for film, television and other moving image production are government
funding, independent funding along with some being crowdfunded through online websites such as Kickstarter, GoFundMe and Indiegogo to receive a budget from the public and maybe to see if there's an audience for the film just from the concept given on the page, examples of crowdfunded films or programmes such as Bee and Puppycat, an animated online series distributed and produced by Cartoon Hangover which was crowdfunded on Kickstarter for more episodes to be produced for the series (https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/frederator/bee-and-puppycat-the-series?ref=discovery_category_most_funded) and the film Lazer Team which is made by the production company, Rooster Teeth which became one of the most funded films on the website Indiegogo, because the goal was overtaken, the extra budget also added value to any extra viewing in other countries for the film and even with their other projects within the production company (https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/lazer-team-by-rooster-teeth#/).
Distribution from other companies can be a way of funding as the money is from more than one distributor. The BFI (the British Film Institute) can help get funding for a film that is made in the UK from donations through the lottery. TV Licence can also fund any production (this can be a film to a television programme) which is payed by the public so they can also watch any of that media on demand. Advertisements can be used as a way of funding as it advertises the production on which can be seen from people on which converts into money when viewed. Pitching an idea to a production company can also lead to a source of funding for your production as if the company is interested and wants to make it into production then the budget is then handle with the company producing it.
Requirements
For the requirements of a production's budget spent is that money is spent on
is props either background or functional (used by an actor in the production) props, set locations, casting actors and music rights. For what I obtained for my Depict project is that with using props, costumes etc that we already had to use within the project, it overall saved a lot of time and money as we had the stuff from our homes to having it already in the college.
Personnel
A typical team in a moving image production for a low budget short tends to be a smaller team as it's not relying on as much as a major feature film which has a much higher budget to it's production, they also tend to not use as much visual effects but maybe more practical effects or none. The main cast of the shorts would most likely involve people who signed up to the project as a one time thing or even sometimes people from the crew can also appear in the production unlike getting more popular talents as they're expensive to cast into the production which would raise the budget even more along with including the fact that because the low budget production is a short would also not take up the amount of budget or time as it would a television programme or a Hollywood feature film. For a television programme's team, it depends on the type of programme being made as the team could have more cameras or more visual effects involved based upon the media shown on the programme (example for show). The talent can vary for newer talent (through auditions made by the creators/directors of the programme) to familiar/popular talent seen before in other media productions. The typical team for a Hollywood feature film is that most feature films tend to have a larger crew or/and cast, depending on the type of film they are making example if they were making a film involving visual effects (VFX) and the big difference between the other two moving image productions which is a low budget short and a television programme is that the types of crew and cast are varied in size as a low budget short involves a small team and most likely an unknown cast along with a television programme which can vary in size from a small team to a larger team depending on the type of genre or type of programme being produced.
Within my group, it was made up with four people which each had a role to play throughout production both onscreen and off screen. Me, who helped out with the filming, editing and brief appearance as a character onscreen for a scene, Megan who helped out with filming, directing scenes and also making a brief appearance as a normal citizen in a scene, Will who played the main role of the wanna-be superhero and helped out with editing and Dalton who played the main superhero, Mellow Man throughout the short, he also helped out with filming scenes. We altogether worked on the concept of the Depict short, brought in props and costumes (like the toys in the bedroom to the superhero costumes) along with the direction of scenes and their chosen locations.
The various amount of people that can contribute to the production of a media text with addition to the crew is a witness which is where someone can witness what is being filmed during a production along with an expert which is used for whenever for example complex or technical stunts have to be shot to complete the scene, then experts are in on the day to supervise over others members of the cast and crew to make sure the stunts on screen go according to plan and not to become harmful to any of the present cast and crew during the shooting of the scene, but however some incidents have occurred during production that have been fatal for some cast or stunt doubles.
For examples of some incidents happening during production are during the filming of Deadpool 2 (2018), a stunt double crashed after loosing control over her motorcycle during filming which then ended up being fatal and during the filming of a scene for The Crow (1994), the actor Brandon Lee was accidentally killed when a gun what was supposed to fire blanks contained a bullet.
For examples of some incidents happening during production are during the filming of Deadpool 2 (2018), a stunt double crashed after loosing control over her motorcycle during filming which then ended up being fatal and during the filming of a scene for The Crow (1994), the actor Brandon Lee was accidentally killed when a gun what was supposed to fire blanks contained a bullet.
Time
When it comes to the use of time during a moving image production is that when deadlines are set by higher ups of the production then they must be met up to in order to progress further and to keep the production up to date, if these deadlines are not met up with by someone within the media industry then the big consequence of that is being fired from that job and with that can also leave an impact when trying for other jobs elsewhere within the professional media industry, making jobs harder to find. The deadlines given within class were almost on time as there were some days where filming a certain scene became an issue due to either equipment not being available to get hold of, our main lead not be present of that filming day, the location that was being used for a scene wasn't available or props not be present on a certain day of filming but altogether when the final cut for our film was fully filmed and edited, it was handed in on time to the deadline.
Equipment and Facilities
The way to obtain equipment within the production of a moving image is to either to be brought or hired out either by the crew or company producing the film as for hiring out the equipment can be most likely cheaper way of obtaining the equipment than buying them along with maybe the equipment being used for the film might be used only for that film. For hiring out a studio for the production of the film to take place, example of studio hires are London Wimbledon Studios and 3 Mills Studio which each have various locations within their studios on which you can hire out to produce your moving image with prices not being included on each of their website.
The equipment available to us for the Depict project was quite easy to get hold of and use for our production as the costumes, props, editing software, filming equipment such as the camera and tripod was either mainly provided through the College having the equipment already to the group members of the production having the props already at hand from their homes.
Locations
The location recces are where the crew have different and various ideas for where the locations might want to be filmed for each of the scenes and location releases is where the main locations are decided and this is to therefore grant the permission from the person who owns or watches over the location of the use of the location for filming.
For the specific locations of the Depict project where all done around the college, the locations were the room, W11 for the bedroom and hospital scene, the reason for choosing the room was because the layout of the room was suitable for the two scenes being shot, W16 where the set up of the living room as the room included a brick wall background along with a sofa alongside it which was great for the scene, Outside of the college where the wall scene was filmed, this was chosen because this was an alternative to the roof as it was too risky to film so the closest to get to a roof like wall was the outside of the college which would alright for the scene.
The outside the Poulton block where the car scene was filmed, this was chosen because it was easy access for the car to perform it's action and less risky than using the main road as the scene's location and the Lab was used for the can scene because it fitted the scene. The wall near W12 was used for the wall jump scenes as it was suitable for the scene plus there was no hassle when filming the scene as it was mostly quite around the time of filming the scenes.
For the specific locations of the Depict project where all done around the college, the locations were the room, W11 for the bedroom and hospital scene, the reason for choosing the room was because the layout of the room was suitable for the two scenes being shot, W16 where the set up of the living room as the room included a brick wall background along with a sofa alongside it which was great for the scene, Outside of the college where the wall scene was filmed, this was chosen because this was an alternative to the roof as it was too risky to film so the closest to get to a roof like wall was the outside of the college which would alright for the scene.
The outside the Poulton block where the car scene was filmed, this was chosen because it was easy access for the car to perform it's action and less risky than using the main road as the scene's location and the Lab was used for the can scene because it fitted the scene. The wall near W12 was used for the wall jump scenes as it was suitable for the scene plus there was no hassle when filming the scene as it was mostly quite around the time of filming the scenes.
The logistical issues and risks we faced during the production of the Depict project is that scenes revolving around our main character jumping off a roof on which the idea was to film just the character standing near the ledge and a stunt dummy would then be thrown off to create the illusion of him jumping off the roof to lead to the hospital scene, these two scenes were an issue to film in because of the health and safety risk of the having some standing atop of a roof without any safety equipment in place.
Also with the inclusion of having a dummy thrown of the roof could be a hazard for someone either in the crew who is filming underneath near the roof or someone in the public walking past could have a possibility of being hit by the falling dummy but this was resolved by filming near the wall near the college along with the permission to use the medical room for the hospital scene was declined as it was a medical room for people from the college can use, it could've been unsafe to be around real medical equipment that could've been in the room along with if someone needed during the filming of the scene then if would be unfair on the people needing more than us filming in there.
We resolved this issue by using a different room and just setting the room up/the prop bed to look like a hospital ward room.
Materials
The various types of materials you might need for a production is music which would add more to a production such as background music.
When it came to materials and the financial considerations is that when it came to copyright because for example when it came to the depict project, when deciding over what type and style of music to choose, it had to come from a website which has a range of music which would be suitable to use for the project and at the same time it was free to use with some rules to come with it such as crediting the website from which the original track came from.
Legal Issues
The legal considerations for certain materials within a media production is the music within the media as most songs by music artists are copyrighted by either the artists themselves or the company who releases the songs. Copyright is where work is protected and stops others from using it without permission, copyright prevents other people from copying the existing work, distributing copies, along with using copyrighted material such as other products where either not within the project itself or was referenced within the background during some scenes of the short film, performing the work or placing it onto the internet.
Copyright is made automatically when you create any original piece of media such as music, film, television and broadcasts. Copyright didn't really affect the Depict project that much because most of the copyright based materials such as background music was easy as finding non-copyrighted music was easy through the website Bensound (https://www.bensound.com/).
Clearance is when a film production starts the process of permissions that are required for the various aspects for the film such as set locations, soundtrack, the cast along with extras for background purposes, branding/sponsorships and posters as a few examples of clearance.
Public Liability Insurance is when the cost of claims made by people within the public for whenever any incidents that could occur during a production, this covers the cost of compensation for any injuries or the loss/damage to a property. An example would be for example if someone who is apart of the main cast during the production becomes injured on set then the film production would then cover the compensation payments and legal fees (info from https://www.eggarforresterinsurance.com/creative/industries/film-production-insurance/).
Completion guarantee and insurance is a form of insurance which is offered by a completion guarantor company on which returns a percentage fee based on the budget given, this is used with independent financed films so it is agreed upon so the producer will fulfill the promise of the film being complete and delivered (that can based on the agreed script, the budget and the cast for the film).
In not fulfilling the competition guarantee, this can lead to a mess up of the production which includes the film being taken over by someone else which could also end up with creative differences between the original concept of the film.
An example of a film that broke copyright law and was sent to court was the 2009 film, Avatar where the artist, Roger Dean sued the movie's director as one of his artworks for an album cover was identical to one of the creature's designs within the movie, the case was taken to court where in the end, the artist won the case as filmmakers admitted to be inspired by his art and charged $50 million in damages. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23117197)
Regulation
OFCOM (short for The Office of Communications) is a government approved regulations, competition and telecommunications for the UK which powers most television, radio and postal sectors. It functions as a way to represent the interest of citizens and consumers by protecting the public from any offensive and harmful material along with promoting competition. An example of a television advertisement being banned is a Deliveroo advertisement in 2019 where the reason behind it's banned status is that it was misleading on what it was presenting which was showing that you can get it from any location and can order from various restaurants within one order but however this is not true as it's only in certain locations and also to order from multiple restaurants would have to be separate. Due to the misleading message and complaints, the advertisement was removed and banned from broadcasting on television. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-50644526)
The BBC is regulated by OFCOM. The BBFC (short for the British Board of Film Classification) is a non government based organisation which was founded by the film industry back in 1912 where it is responsible for the national classification along with censorship for films or other media products released within the UK an example of this would be if a media product like a film involves any graphic content like gore to explicit language then the organisation would then apply that to the film before official release to the public to basically warn the content of the film to audiences like children as an example.
The regulation of moving image products that are distributed through the internet is that no legal regulation of an online video but subjects like racial hate and blasphemy (action of contempt speaking) are still illegal online within the UK. The European union is currently through the process of updating it's legislation for broadcasts which can add safeguards in areas to protect children from any sex and violence and limiting on advertisement. Professional made shows or on demand shows are covered by the EU's Television Without Frontiers rules.
When it comes to online services such as Netflix, any of the media (film or TV) do not have to have any age ratings displayed but because of research being carried out that the majority of teenagers were concerned over a piece of media without fully knowing what it contains and wanted clear age ratings to help as a guide which would be helpful especially for families with choosing and watching the correct films and not being mislead onto a film that contains contents not suitable for younger audiences. For the Depict project, this could relate to it as depending on the content being shown through the film which could be suitable for certain audiences.
Trade unions and trade associations
The trade union an organised association with workers in trade or profession which is formed to protect their interests and rights. PACT (Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television) is a trade association in the UK for independent content producers within the film, television, animation, children's and digital media. For what PACT do is that they regulate the best regulatory and legislative environment for their independent sector to fully grow both democratically and internationally and their successful record in campaigning in producer's rights (http://www.pact.co.uk/about-us.html). BECTU (Broadcasting, Entertainment, Communications and Theatre Union) is a sector within the Prospect union in the UK where they support members within any industry roles help boost for their careers (https://www.tuc.org.uk/unions/bectu-sector-prospect). The trade association is an organisation where they drive to push the digital industry to innovate the shape of this countries digital industry.
Also with the inclusion of having a dummy thrown of the roof could be a hazard for someone either in the crew who is filming underneath near the roof or someone in the public walking past could have a possibility of being hit by the falling dummy but this was resolved by filming near the wall near the college along with the permission to use the medical room for the hospital scene was declined as it was a medical room for people from the college can use, it could've been unsafe to be around real medical equipment that could've been in the room along with if someone needed during the filming of the scene then if would be unfair on the people needing more than us filming in there.
We resolved this issue by using a different room and just setting the room up/the prop bed to look like a hospital ward room.
Materials
The various types of materials you might need for a production is music which would add more to a production such as background music.
When it came to materials and the financial considerations is that when it came to copyright because for example when it came to the depict project, when deciding over what type and style of music to choose, it had to come from a website which has a range of music which would be suitable to use for the project and at the same time it was free to use with some rules to come with it such as crediting the website from which the original track came from.
Legal Issues
The legal considerations for certain materials within a media production is the music within the media as most songs by music artists are copyrighted by either the artists themselves or the company who releases the songs. Copyright is where work is protected and stops others from using it without permission, copyright prevents other people from copying the existing work, distributing copies, along with using copyrighted material such as other products where either not within the project itself or was referenced within the background during some scenes of the short film, performing the work or placing it onto the internet.
Clearance is when a film production starts the process of permissions that are required for the various aspects for the film such as set locations, soundtrack, the cast along with extras for background purposes, branding/sponsorships and posters as a few examples of clearance.
Public Liability Insurance is when the cost of claims made by people within the public for whenever any incidents that could occur during a production, this covers the cost of compensation for any injuries or the loss/damage to a property. An example would be for example if someone who is apart of the main cast during the production becomes injured on set then the film production would then cover the compensation payments and legal fees (info from https://www.eggarforresterinsurance.com/creative/industries/film-production-insurance/).
Completion guarantee and insurance is a form of insurance which is offered by a completion guarantor company on which returns a percentage fee based on the budget given, this is used with independent financed films so it is agreed upon so the producer will fulfill the promise of the film being complete and delivered (that can based on the agreed script, the budget and the cast for the film).
In not fulfilling the competition guarantee, this can lead to a mess up of the production which includes the film being taken over by someone else which could also end up with creative differences between the original concept of the film.
An example of a film that broke copyright law and was sent to court was the 2009 film, Avatar where the artist, Roger Dean sued the movie's director as one of his artworks for an album cover was identical to one of the creature's designs within the movie, the case was taken to court where in the end, the artist won the case as filmmakers admitted to be inspired by his art and charged $50 million in damages. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23117197)
Regulation
OFCOM (short for The Office of Communications) is a government approved regulations, competition and telecommunications for the UK which powers most television, radio and postal sectors. It functions as a way to represent the interest of citizens and consumers by protecting the public from any offensive and harmful material along with promoting competition. An example of a television advertisement being banned is a Deliveroo advertisement in 2019 where the reason behind it's banned status is that it was misleading on what it was presenting which was showing that you can get it from any location and can order from various restaurants within one order but however this is not true as it's only in certain locations and also to order from multiple restaurants would have to be separate. Due to the misleading message and complaints, the advertisement was removed and banned from broadcasting on television. (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-50644526)
The BBC is regulated by OFCOM. The BBFC (short for the British Board of Film Classification) is a non government based organisation which was founded by the film industry back in 1912 where it is responsible for the national classification along with censorship for films or other media products released within the UK an example of this would be if a media product like a film involves any graphic content like gore to explicit language then the organisation would then apply that to the film before official release to the public to basically warn the content of the film to audiences like children as an example.
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| blu-ray/dvd cover examples of each of the classifications |
Trade unions and trade associations
The trade union an organised association with workers in trade or profession which is formed to protect their interests and rights. PACT (Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television) is a trade association in the UK for independent content producers within the film, television, animation, children's and digital media. For what PACT do is that they regulate the best regulatory and legislative environment for their independent sector to fully grow both democratically and internationally and their successful record in campaigning in producer's rights (http://www.pact.co.uk/about-us.html). BECTU (Broadcasting, Entertainment, Communications and Theatre Union) is a sector within the Prospect union in the UK where they support members within any industry roles help boost for their careers (https://www.tuc.org.uk/unions/bectu-sector-prospect). The trade association is an organisation where they drive to push the digital industry to innovate the shape of this countries digital industry.
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